Information on Causality (cognitive or concept map)
Causality or causal relationships are represented by arrows in cognitive
maps or concept maps, where each arrow means ‘leads to
’, such as is expressed in the statement ‘smoking leads
to heart disease. In the context of risk management and
decision making, causality does not mean all smokers will suffer
from heart disease but suggests there is strong evidence to
this effect, noting all people who smoke will be affected,
at least to some extent.